Fig. 1: Locations and names of the twenty ocean warming hotspots analyzed in this study.

The background and hotspot colors indicate the classification by oceanographic dynamical regions³⁰: equatorial (red), subtropical gyre (yellow), and boundary currents (blue). Hotspots that are located north of 40°N and not part of any oceanographic dynamical regions were classified as ‘high-latitude’ (magenta). The Indo-China hotspot (orange) was classified as an equatorial and subtropical gyre hotspot as it overlaps with multiple regions, most of it is in equatorial and subtropical gyre regions. The Southern-Brazil Uruguay hotspot is divided into two parts: north (Southern-Brazil Uruguay-N) and south (Southern-Brazil Uruguay-S), which are assigned to different oceanographic dynamical regions. Hotspots shown in gray were not analyzed due to either a lack of data (gray solid) or because they were cooling over our study period (gray dashed; See “Methods” section and Supplementary Table 1).