Fig. 1: Experience of the national long-term observatory at Lusignan in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of France.

a Target plots in this study are marked in red frames. b Land use management of target treatments. c Simulated treatments in DailyDayCent model under future climate change scenarios from 2005 to 2100, including six continuous grasslands: G1 (grassland ploughed and restarted every year), G2 (grassland ploughed and restarted every two years), G3 (grassland ploughed and restarted every three years), G4 (grassland ploughed and restarted every four years), G6 (grassland ploughed and restarted every six years) and PG (grassland with no tillage); and three crop rotations: CC (rotation of annual crops), C3G3 (rotation of 3-year grasses and 3-year annual crops), G6C3 (rotation of 6-year grasses and 3-year annual crops).