Fig. 4: The net land carbon fluxes in the biogeographical Amazon.

a Annual net land carbon fluxes from the two bottom-up approaches using the anthropogenic disturbance estimates from BLUE land use and land use changes and forestry added to FATE wildfire flux estimate (Bottom-up) and GFED deforestation and degradation fluxes (Hybrid), both added to the TRENDY-v11 intact land sink to yield the net land carbon flux; the net land carbon flux from CARDAMOM model and top-down atmospheric inversion. b Spatiotemporal average of the net land carbon flux from the bottom-up approach (2010-2020) using the disturbances from BLUE land use and land cover changes emissions with FATE wildfire flux and TRENDY-v11 intact sink (gC m⁻² yr⁻¹). c Spatiotemporal average of the net land carbon flux from the Hybrid approach (2010–2020) using the GFED deforestation and degradation fluxes and TRENDY-v11 intact sink (g C m⁻² yr⁻¹). The CARDAMOM uncertainty and spatial net average flux (2010–2020) can be found in Supplementary Fig. 14. The top-down spatial average net flux and its uncertainty can be found in Supplementary Fig. 15. Spatial uncertainty associated with the TRENDY-v11 old-growth forest sink over 2010–2020 can be found in Supplementary Fig. 10, both BLUE and GFED do not provide regional uncertainties. Positive values are source to the atmosphere and negative sink.