Table 2 Models used to attribute disturbance fluxes for the Brazilian Amazon* and for the whole Biogeographical Amazon^†.

*INPE-EM

Based on remote sensing observation;

Deforestation areas from PRODES;

Degradation areas from DEGRAD and DETER-B;

Spatial; 4th National Inventory of Greenhouse Gases (Brazil MCTI,⁷⁰)

Output 5x5km

Input

30mx30m

Brazilian Amazon

NA

Deforestation and degradation gross source and sink flux based on literature response curves (see parameters details in Supplementary Table 1)

Deforestation in old-growth forest only and forest degradation (e.g., forest degradation by fire and logging)

Aguiar et al.³²; Assis et al.²⁴

*^†BLUE

Based on the Land Use Harmonization 2 (LUH2) dataset. This product uses information on agricultural areas based on the History of the Global Environmental database (HYDE). HYDE is based on in-country FAO statistics and uses the ESA CCI Land Cover maps to scale the in-country areas from FAO to global, spatially explicit estimates.

For Brazil it constrains the cropland and grazing areas using MapBiomas c6 areas at the state level. For wood harvest, LUH2 uses FAO/FRA statistics.

Biome level carbon stocks based on literature (Hansis et al,²⁵)

0.25°x0.25°

Global

NA

Land use and land use change and forestry gross source and gross sink flux based on carbon densities and response curves from literature (see parameters details in Supplementary Table 2)

Clearing of natural vegetation, including forests, for agricultural expansion (including in shifting cultivation); degradation through logging or use of natural vegetation for rangelands, regrowth of natural vegetation after agricultural abandonment and logging.

Hansis et al.²⁵

*^†GFED

Based on remote sensing observation; Burned area is derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS).

Biome level; Modelled by CASA

0.25°x0.25°

Global

1σ 50%

(Global)

Net immediate fire fluxes

Deforestation and degradation fires.

GFED considers burned forests are carbon neutral in the long-term. So, GFED presents only immediate emissions and does not account for emissions from late tree mortality due fire occurrence.

van der Werf et al.⁴⁰

*^†FATE

Based on remote sensing observation;

Burned area from MapBiomas fire collection 1 (beta version)

Spatial; Carbon stocks from 4th National Inventory of Greenhouse Gases (Brazil MCTI,⁷⁰)

30mx30m

Brazilian Amazon

NA

Net flux based on field-inventory relationship and scaled-up with remote sensing data (Silva et al,²¹)

Long-term net carbon balance of degradation fires in burned forests not deforested up to 2020. FATE accounts for late tree mortality fluxes due fire occurrence.

Silva et al.²¹