Fig. 3: Heterogeneity in urban form and structure features among US counties.

a Population density. b POI density. c Road density. d Minority segregation. e Income segregation. f UCI. g 2019 GDP. h HMI. Since population density, POI density, road density, and 2019 GDP have a large scale, we used logarithmic transformation of values. See Methods for metrics definition and data processing.