Fig. 4: Surface heat flows, earthquakes, thermal structure, and geological evidence for the massive crustal carbon mobilization and emission in the Himalayan orogenic wedge.
From: Massive crustal carbon mobilization and emission driven by India underthrusting Asia
a Surface heat flows and seismic frequency versus distance from MFT across the Himalayas and southern Tibet. Filled circles represent measured surface heat flows from the global heat flow database: update 2023 (www.ihfc-iugg.org). Earthquake events are from USGS. b Model of crustal thermal structure across the Himalayas and southern Tibet20. Contours are at 50 °C intervals. Blue lines denote the boundaries between the Tibetan crust, Indian crust, and the mantle based on seismic images of lithospheric structure19. c Geological profile across the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen showing outcropping of domes and leucogranites in the Himalayan orogenic wedge, especially the northern Himalaya (modified from ref. 51. c). Abbreviations are as in Fig. 1.
