Fig. 4: Mechanism of ecological restoration influencing land‒atmosphere coupling. | Communications Earth & Environment

Fig. 4: Mechanism of ecological restoration influencing land‒atmosphere coupling.

From: Aridity threshold of ecological restoration mitigated atmospheric drought via land‒atmosphere coupling in drylands

Fig. 4

Vegetation‒VPD coupling and soil moisture‒VPD coupling are generally negative, representing that increases in LAI or soil moisture would decrease VPD. The “Enhanced” indicates the negative vegetation‒VPD coupling (solid green arrow) or negative soil moisture‒VPD coupling (solid brown arrow) strengthened after ecological restoration. The “Weakened” indicates the negative vegetation‒VPD coupling (hollow green arrow) or negative soil moisture‒VPD coupling (hollow brown arrow) weakened after ecological restoration. (+)/(−) indicates the increase/decrease of variables after ecological restoration. Here variables are latent heat flux (LH), sensible heat flux (SH), convective available potential energy (CAPE), relative humidity (RH), and net radiation (Rn).

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