Fig. 5: Evolution of velocities in the rollover subduction models.

Diagrams illustrating the temporal evolution of velocities for the two rollover subduction models. a Trench velocity (V_T in green) and subducting plate velocity (V_SP in blue). b Subduction velocity (V_S = V_SP + V_T in black). c Maximum magnitude of mantle upwelling laterally away from the subducting plate (V_{up_edge} in red) and maximum magnitude of mantle upwelling in the broader mantle wedge domain (V_{up_MW} in orange). Model rollover_tomo is represented by a continuous line while model rollover_stereo is represented with a dashed line. The black triangles indicate the approximate time at which the slab touches the bottom of the tank. Note that the position of V_{up_MW} with respect to the trench does not change much, as the distance between them (of the order 500–700 km) remains relatively constant throughout the experiment (cf. Figures 4a, b).