Fig. 5: Response (perturbation experiment minus control experiment) of storm track, atmospheric baroclinicity, and geopotential height tendency.

a Winter response of EKE (m2 s−2) at 300 hPa. b Zonal mean EGR response (1 s−1) along the latitude-pressure cross-section from 30°−120°E. c Winter response of geopotential height tendency (m s−1) related to synoptic-scale transient vorticity forcing at 925 hPa. d Winter response of geopotential height tendency (m s−1) related to synoptic-scale transient thermal forcing at 925 hPa. Stippling as in Fig. 1.