Fig. 2: Exemplary estimation of the stratospheric moisture increases via the indirect pathway.

The total yearly moisture flux into the stratosphere is calculated for an unperturbed scenario (Control) and a scenario with a 1 K perturbation of the EFT (Perturbed). The calculation is based on a 12%/K increase in moisture according to Clausius–Clapeyron scaling in the TTL and an 80:20 partitioning of moisture fluxes in non-frozen and frozen contribution.