Table 3 Benefits of Phycosol strategy in reduction of CF in wineries

From: Eco-innovation minimizes the carbon footprint of wine production

GHG emission category

Phycosol strategy involved

Calculated values a‒d

Potential emission reduction per bottle of 750 mL wine e

Scope 1

   

Fertilizer application: N2O emission kg‒1 N fertilizer

Substitution

0.12‒0.23 g N2O kg‒1 N fertilizer

12‒16 g CO2-eq

Conventional wastewater treatment emissions for facility inside winery premises

Elimination

ASP and CW: 7.50 and 42.50 g CH4 kg–1 COD, respectively

Phycosol: Nil

ASP and CW: 25 and 4.94 g N2O kg–1 TN, respectively

Phycosol: 1.30‒5.70 g N2O kg–1 TN

0.09‒381.61 g CO2-eq

Scope 3

   

Fertilizer production: GHG emission kg‒1 N fertilizer

Substitution

0.13‒1.11 kg CO2-eq kg‒1 N

5.70‒49.30 g CO2-eq

CO2 emission from fermentation process

Sequestration

1.85 kg CO2 kg‒1 microalgal biomass

10.90 g CO2-eq

Total potential emission (Scope 1 + Scope 3) reduction per bottle wine of 750 mL

  

28.69‒457.81 g CO2-eq

  1. a Values were determined using 142.18 kg of N fertilizer (excluding the organic fertilizer) ha–1 in vineyard87 and assuming the default emission factor value for N2O as 0.01 kg N2O kg–1 of N fertilizer47.
  2. b Used the recommended default values of IPCC47 for CH4 and N2O in case of ASP and CW. Phycosol values were determined as per Plouviez and Guieysse88.
  3. c GHG values obtained were multiplied with emission factors of 0.90 and 1.8089 to determine the minimum and maximum emission kg–1 of N fertilizer during production and transportation.
  4. d According to Posten90, it was assumed that microalgae consume 1.85 kg of CO2 to produce 1.0 kg biomass.
  5. e All the values were calculated and expressed in terms of 750 mL bottle of wine.
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