Fig. 1: Changes in agroecosystem stability and multifunctionality under climate change.

a Changes in agroecosystem stability under elevated CO2 and temperature. b Changes in agroecosystem multifunctionality under elevated CO2 and temperature. Different letters indicate significant differences between treatments at P < 0.05. CK, ambient conditions; eCO2, elevated CO2 (500 μmol mol−1); alone; eT, elevated canopy temperature by 2°C alone; eCO2+eT, simultaneous elevation of CO2 and temperature.