Fig. 1: Map and scheme of sampling sites.

a Position of Kuoqionggangri catchment in the Lhasa basin in the Tibetan Plateau (source: Landsat imagery). b Schematic of glacier interconnected with streams and lake (source: Randolph Glacier Inventory version 6.0). c Map and photos of sampling sites. Sampling sites were labeled in remote-sensing image (source: Esri, Maxar, Earthstar Geographics) and sampling environments of each glacial ecosystem were displayed by filed photos. Sample abbreviation as fellows: SupC supraglacial cryoconite, SupS supraglacial stream, SubM subglacial meltwater, SubS subglacial sediment, ProW proglacial lake water, ProS proglacial lake sediment. Maps were created in ArcMap 10.2.