Table 3 Linear mixed-effects model (LMM) results of independent controls on log10(median glacier velocity) for glaciers near an active volcano

From: Proximity to active volcanoes enhances glacier velocity

Independent variable

Estimate

95% Confidence interval

Std. error

t value

p value

lower

upper

(Intercept)

1.072

1.022

1.121

0.026

40.461

<0.001

Glacier thickness

0.228

0.209

0.247

0.010

22.983

<0.001

Glacier elevation

−0.012

−0.045

0.027

0.019

−0.618

0.537

Climate PC

0.088

0.051

0.127

0.020

4.353

<0.001

Volcano type: Shield

0.128

−0.007

0.266

0.073

1.752

0.083

Volcano type: Complex

0.034

−0.204

0.266

0.126

0.272

0.786

Volcano type: Caldera

0.041

−0.117

0.195

0.083

0.487

0.627

Volcano type: Pyroclastic Cone

−0.060

−0.224

0.107

0.089

−0.674

0.502

Volcano type: Subglacial

−0.415

−0.619

−0.198

0.112

−3.709

<0.001

Volcano type: Volcanic Field

0.100

−0.129

0.328

0.122

0.824

0.412

Tectonic setting: Subduct. Zone (intermed. crust 15-25 km)

0.063

−0.226

0.356

0.156

0.406

0.685

Tectonic setting: Rift Zone (oceanic crust <15 km)

0.074

−0.060

0.208

0.072

1.028

0.306

Tectonic setting: Intraplate (continental crust > 25 km)

0.056

−0.116

0.216

0.089

0.628

0.531

Tectonic setting: Intraplate (oceanic crust <15 km)

0.181

−0.093

0.459

0.149

1.217

0.227

Number of volcanoes within 5 km of glacier: 2

−0.003

−0.076

0.066

0.036

−0.085

0.932

Number of volcanoes within 5 km of glacier: 3

0.161

−0.034

0.342

0.097

1.662

0.097

Glacier proximity to volcano: > 1.0 − 2.5 km

−0.014

−0.048

0.022

0.018

−0.773

0.440

Glacier proximity to volcano: > 2.5 − 5.0 km

−0.065

−0.098

−0.028

0.018

−3.591

<0.001

Number of Holocene eruptions

0.004

−0.027

0.035

0.017

0.256

0.799

  1. Significant variables are highlighted in bold; n = 1,600; R2m = 0.37; R2c = 0.61. Reference categories for categorical variables are: ‘volcano type’ = stratovolcano; ‘tectonic setting’ = subduction zone (continental crust > 25 km); ‘number of volcanoes within 5 km of glacier’ = 1; ‘glacier proximity to volcano’ = ≤ 1 km.
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