Fig. 5: Statistical distribution of the main influencing factors on the recovery of the woody component in South America and Africa.

a L-VOD anomaly during the drought period, b–e mean monthly VPD, precipitation, soil moisture of layer 2 and layer 3 during the recovery period, f annual L-VOD before El Niño, g, h seasonal variation in monthly temperature and precipitation variation, and i the long-term monthly mean precipitation. The horizontal lines at the top and bottom of the box plot represent the 25th and 75th percentiles, respectively, while the red line indicates the median.