Fig. 3: Spatial distribution of the minimum surface temperature change and related contributing factors based on surface energy budget equation over the historical period.

a The month when surface temperature change reaches its minimum. b The percentage of LWd contribution to the minimum of surface temperature change. c The contributions of five factors (LWd, downward shortwave radiation (SWd), surface albedo (Albedo), latent heat flux (LH), and sensible heat flux (SH)) to surface temperature change weighted averaged in the global land as a function of percentiles are colored lightgreen, skyblue, darkgreen, orange, and red. The surface temperature change is colored gray. All data are categorized by surface temperature change percentiles. d The spatial distribution of surface temperature change caused by LULCC when surface temperature change is bottom 5% average (Bot5%). e The spatial distribution of contributions from LWd to the Bot5% surface temperature change. f The spatial distribution of the first contributing factor to the Bot5% surface temperature change. The dot or asterisk denotes that the sign of the change in the CMIP6-LUMIP multi-model ensemble mean is consistent with the sign of change in at least 5 out of the 7 individual models.