Fig. 7: Selected regional paleoclimate records.
From: Hydroclimate intensification likely aided glacier survival on Svalbard in the Early Holocene
a Timeline of Holocene glacier activity from near-by studies (WF - Wijdefjorden42, V - Vårflusjøen87, F - Femmilsjøen34, K - Kløsa96, H - Hajeren93, G - Gjøavatnet94). b estimated percentage of glacier cover on Svalbard (modified after Fjeldskaar et al.29 and Farnsworth et al.81). c XRF-based PC1 glacier activity reconstruction - light gray, and 100-year averages - black (this study), d Grain Size (GS) End-Member Modelling Analysis (EMMA)-based glacier activity reconstruction (this study: EM 1) - blue shading highlights the analytical uncertainty (2σ) of measurements. e Summer insolation at 80°N124 f Ice-rafted debris (IRD) records from core MSM05/5-723-284 in the Fram Strait, showing 5-point smoothed averages (brown), a mean (horizontal line), and curve-filling values exceeding the calculated mean. g PBIP25-derived sea ice extent from the Fram Strait. The composite record shows spliced data from core MSM5/5-712-252 between 0 - 8.7 cal. ka BP and core MSM05/5-723-284 between 8.7 – 9.5 cal. ka BP. Gray shadings are in accordance with estimates of sea ice conditions (PBIP25 > 0.1 variable, >0.5 marginal, >0.75 extended ice cover) after Müller et al.133 h\({U}_{37}^{K}\)-based summer sea surface temperature (SST) reconstruction from the Barents Sea margin131. i compilation of \({U}_{37}^{K}\)-based preindustrial surface summer temperatures from a compilation of non-glacial Svalbard lakes (Hakluytvatnet: core AMP112 between 0-5 ka BP and 7.5 – 9.5 cal. ka BP, Gjøavatnet: core GJP0114 between 5 – 7.5 cal. ka BP)18,134. j GS EMMA-based runoff intensity (this study: EM 3) – orange shading highlights the analytical uncertainty (2σ) of measurements. k units classification of the Berglivatnet record (color coding corresponds with that of Fig. 5). The light blue vertical rectangle in the background highlights the extent of Early Holocene Berglibreen advances. Vertical black stippled lines mark identified phases of glacier (re-)growth based on Change Point Detection (CPD: see Methods). The green horizontal bar marks the average calibrated 2σ age uncertainty range for the Early Holocene interval of unit 2 based on the presented age-depth model (see Fig. 4).
