Fig. 2: Spatial and frequency distributions of the ridge regression coefficients (r) for FluxSat, VPM, CSIF, and Flux data across the Northern Hemisphere.

A–P Ridge r between the peak of the growing season and early-season gross primary productivity (POS~GPP, A–D), POS and the start of the growing season (POS~SOS, E–H), POS and early growing season temperature (POS~EGS-Tem, I–L), and POS and late peak season soil moisture (POS~LPS-SM, M–P). The black dots in (A–C), (E–G), and (I–K) indicate significant correlations at P < 0.05. The right axis shows the average of each variable estimated by the ensemble mean at each latitude. The percentages of areas with positive ridge r (P) and negative ridge r (N) between POS and the corresponding variable are shown, with significant percentages displayed in parentheses (P < 0.05).