Fig. 4: Results from the economic optimisation model for the year 2014 under political-economy constraints C1–C4 (see main text for details).

a Value of the policy in percentage terms. In the case of equal value constraint (C2), the value was 0% for all countries. The vertical red line is used to highlight the total value summed across all countries. b Emissions abated in percentage terms. In the case of equal abatement constraint (C3), abatement was 43% for all countries. The vertical red line is used to highlight the total emissions abated summed across all countries. Associated quantitative data is shown in Supplementary Table 3.