Fig. 1: Map showing the study area.

a Average surface air temperature anomaly (°C) for June–August 2022 worldwide, relative to the average for the 1991–2020 reference period. The data are obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA, https://psl.noaa.gov). The blue square represents the location of the Yangtze River basin. b Locations of dam-associated reservoirs, gauging stations, and sampling stations in the Yangtze River. The water level, water discharge, sediment load, precipitation, and air temperature of the Yangtze River Basin are provided in Supplementary Figs. 1–4.