Fig. 1: Conceptual representation of how climate can influence rainfall erosivity and leading damaging hydrological events through the water cycle.

Vegetation cover modulates the water cycle, affecting precipitation patterns and rainfall erosivity. Summer and autumn rainstorms magnify soil erosion, slope destabilisation, and agriculture impacts compared to winter. Enhanced rainfall erosivity increases sediment yield, leading to higher turbidity in water bodies, which degrades water quality and amplifies the consequences of hydrological events. Background image source: Freepick (https://www.freepik.com/free-vector/gradient-mountain-landscape_20547362.htm#query=landscapes&position=27&from_view=search&track=sph&uuid=c02f4319−4d24−4b00-b14a-6ecfa2cf5dbc).