Fig. 5: Modelling Mediterranean Areal Mean Storm Erosivity Index (AMESEI).

a Scatterplot of the relationship between the model’s exogenous input (Climate Driving Index) and AMESEI values from 1884 –2022. The inner (deep pink) and outer (light pink) areas indicate the 90% and 95% confidence intervals, respectively; (b) Spectral density plot of the distribution of frequencies in the Mediterranean AMESEI time-series The red box indicates the most likely frequency range for the PARMAX(TVAR)-CSD model cycle.