Fig. 5: Schematic diagram of VLP spatial shift velocities under CDHWs.

a Conceptual diagram of vegetation spatial shift velocities. This figure was created by utilizing resources from the Integration and Application Network (IAN) of the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science. These resources are made available under a Creative Commons CC BY-SA 4.0 license. b Schematic diagram of a gradient-based method to calculate migration velocity. c Future climatic conditions are inclined towards warming (Tmax) and drying (SPEI) under SSP1ā2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5 scenarios.