Fig. 3: South Asian black carbon direct effect on the glacier melt during 2007–2016.
From: Reduced solid water storage over the Tibetan Plateau caused by black carbon
a Glacial surface albedo decrease due to South Asian black carbon, given as percentage (%), (b) Surface radiative forcing due to South Asian black carbon in watts per square meter (W m−2), and c the extent of glacial melt due to South Asian black carbon over the period in meters water-equivalent per annum. WRF-Chem simulations calculated the black carbon deposition flux on snow/ice, radiation components, sensible and latent heat fluxes, and combined with the SNICAR model towards the simulation of the snow/ice albedo change, then driving the glacier energy model to calculate the glacier melting.
