Table 1 Threshold light sensitivities for marine species' behavioural responses
From: Redefining the photic zone: beyond the autotroph-centric view of light in the ocean
Group | Taxon | Life stage | Response | Threshold Light Sensitivity (μW m−2) | Light source | Reference | Z (m) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Solar | Lunar | |||||||
Arthropoda | Calanus spp. | Adult (f) | Phototaxis (−ve), DVM | 1.02 × 10−1 | LED (white) | Båtnes et al. (2015)50 | 200 | 40 |
Arthropoda | Calanus spp. | Adult (m) | Phototaxis (−ve), DVM | 1.02 | LED (white) | Båtnes et al. (2015)50 | 200 | 10 |
Arthropoda | Semibalanus balanoides | Larvae | Phototaxis (varied) | 1.01 × 10−1 | 2150 K | Crisp and Ritz (1973)43 | 200 | 40 |
Arthropoda | Pleuromamma xiphias | Adult | Phototaxis (−ve), DVM | 2.61 × 10−1 | 100 W quartz halogen | Buskey et al. (1989)52 | 200 | 30 |
Arthropoda | Uca spp. | Megalope | Phototaxis (−ve) | 3.62 | 1000 W incandescent lamp | Tankersley et al. (1995)53 | 150 | 1.5 |
Arthropoda | Meganyctiphanes norvegica | Adult | Abdominal flexion | 3.62 | White slide projector | Myslinski et al. (2005)54 | 150 | 1.5 |
Arthropoda | Pasiphaea multidentata | Adult | Abdominal flexion | 3.62 | White - Slide projector | Myslinski et al. (2005)54 | 150 | 1.5 |
Arthropoda | Eusergestes arcticus | Adult | Abdominal flexion | 3.62 × 101 | White slide projector | Myslinski et al. (2005)54 | 150 | 0 |
Arthropoda | Pleuromamma gracilis | Adult | Phototaxis (−ve), DVM | 5.07 × 101 | 100 W quartz halogen | Buskey et al. (1989)52 | 100 | 0 |
Chordata | Ascidia mentula | Larvae | Phototaxis (−ve) | 2.17 × 102 | 20 W fluorescent tubes | Svane and Dolmer (1995)55 | 100 | 0 |
Arthropoda | Callinectes sapidus | Larvae | Phototaxis (+ve) | 3.62 × 102 | 750 W incandescent lamp | Forward Jr et al. (1995)56 | 100 | 0 |
Arthropoda | Pontella karachiensis | Adult | Phototaxis (−ve) | 6.78 × 102 | fluorescent lamp | Manor et al. (2009)57 | 100 | 0 |
Annelida | Phragmatopoma caudata | Larvae | Phototaxis (+ve) | 6.88 × 102 | 300 W incandescent lamp | McCarthy et al. (2002)58 | 100 | 0 |
Chordata | Hippoglossus hippoglossus | Larvae | Phototaxis (+ve) | 2.01 × 103 | fluorescent tube | Naas and Mangor-Jensen (1990)59 | 90 | 0 |
Chordata | Ascidia callosa | Larvae | Change in swimming | 2.17 × 103 | 100 W incandescent bulb | Young and Chia (1985)60 | 90 | 0 |
General Phytoplankton | Photosynthesis light minima | 2.17 × 103 | Sunlight | Raven et al. (2000)61 | 90 | 0 | ||
General Phytoplankton | Arctic Ocean | Compensation irradiance | 8.70 × 103 | Sunlight | Hoppe et al. (2024)62 | 70 | 0 | |
Platyhelminthes | Prostheceraeus crozieri | Larvae | Phototaxis (+ve) | 6.67 × 104 | 300 W incandescent | Johnson and Forward Jr (2003)63 | 45 | 0 |
Chordata | Cyanea capillata | Larvae | Phototaxis (−ve) | 7.25 × 104 | 20 W fluorescent tubes | Svane and Dolmer (1995)55 | 45 | 0 |
Chordata | Polyandrocarpa zorritensis | Larvae | Phototaxis (+ve) | 1.30 × 105 | Sunlight | Forward et al. (2000)64 | 40 | 0 |
Porifera | Amphimedon queenslandica | Larvae | Phototaxis (−ve) | 2.17 × 105 | 3200 K Fibre Optic | Leys and Degnan (2001)65 | 30 | 0 |
Heterokontophyta | Phaeodactylum tricornutum | Compensation irradiance | 2.17 × 105 | Fluorescent lamp | Geider et al. (1986)66 | 30 | 0 | |
Heterokontophyta | Skeletonema costatum | Compensation irradiance | 2.39 × 105 | Cool-white fluorescent | Langdon (1987)67 | 30 | 0 | |
Annelida | Spirobranchus giganteus | Larvae | Phototaxis (+ve) | 3.62 × 105 | 5600 K | Marsden (1986)68 | 25 | 0 |
General Phytoplankton | North Atlantic | Compensation irradiance | 5.03 × 105 | Sunlight | Marra (2004)69 | 20 | 0 | |
Chordata | Polyandrocarpa zorritensis | Larvae | Phototaxis (+ve) | 1.05 × 106 | Sunlight | Forward et al. (2000)64 | 10 | 0 |
Heterokontophyta | Olisthodiscus luteus | Compensation irradiance | 1.96 × 106 | Cool-white fluorescent | Langdon (1987)67 | 4.5 | 0 | |
Annelida | Serpula vermicularis | Larvae | Phototaxis (−ve) | 2.17 × 106 | 'White' incandescent | Young and Chia (1982)70 | 3.5 | 0 |
General Phytoplankton | Southern Ocean | Compensation irradiance | 2.77 × 106 | Sunlight | Regaudie-de-Gioux and Duarte (2010)71 | 2 | 0 | |
Chordata | Pyura chilensis | Larvae | Phototaxis (−ve) | 3.62 × 106 | Sunlight | Manríquez and Castilla (2007)72 | 0.5 | 0 |
Annelida | Galeolaria caespitosa | Larvae | Phototaxis (−ve) | 3.62 × 106 | 5600 K | Marsden (1988)73 | 0.5 | 0 |
