Fig. 3: Joint probability distributions with and without LULCC.

Joint probability distributions of drought duration and intensity from hist-noLu (blue) and hist (red) simulations for Central and Eastern North America (a), South America (b), North Europe (c), East Europe (d), Tropical Africa (e), India (f), East Asia (g), Southeast Asia (h), and Australia (i). The four contours denote the 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% quantiles, respectively, in each simulation. p < 0.001 indicates that the two joint distributions from hist-noLu and hist are significantly different at the 0.001 level based on a two-sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Univariate distributions of duration and intensity are displayed on the outer axes of each panel.