Fig. 6: Proxy reconstructions of North Atlantic variability.
From: The Gulf Stream moved northward at the end of the Little Ice Age
(top) Map of modern observational North Atlantic regional SSTs (2023 mean; 0.1° × 0.1° spatial resolution)90. Coloured circles on the map denote the sites of the records in the panel below. (bottom) Palaeoclimatic records for the study period. a Percentage abundance of the polar species N. pachyderma (sinistral) in a marine sediment core (OCE326-MC13) from the Northwest Atlantic39. b Chesapeake Bay reconstructed SST data with a 15-point moving average40. c The annual SST model for Bermuda with a 15-point moving average. d Mean sortable silt (\(\overline{{{{\rm{SS}}}}}\)) grain size data from three cores (red, 56JPC; orange, 48JPC; grey, MO217)10,39. e Gulf Stream transport estimates in the Florida Straits9. f Normalised winter North Atlantic Oscillation index data with 15-point moving average44. g Northern Hemisphere temperature anomaly reconstruction with 95% confidence interval for proxy-derived estimates57. The grey shaded area denotes the temporal extent of the LIA.
