Fig. 4: Simulated maximum flood depth for the July 2023 flood under present-day and future climate conditions and flood exposure changes. | Communications Earth & Environment

Fig. 4: Simulated maximum flood depth for the July 2023 flood under present-day and future climate conditions and flood exposure changes.

From: Dynamics-constrained rainfall projection reveals substantial increase in population exposure to unprecedented floods in the North China Plain

Fig. 4

a Present-day flood depth, b Future-climate flood depth, c changes in flood exposure (represented by a number of population exposure to different flood depths). The results are the ensemble means of all six members. Shade represents the simulated maximum flood depth during historical and projected flood processes. The black dashed lines represent the 200 and 400 m elevation contours over NCP. The black solid lines represent the boundary of the upper Hai River basin. The thin gray lines represent provincial boundaries. The locations of four megacities (i.e., BJ—Beijing, BD—Baoding, SJ—Shijiazhuang, TJ—Tianjin) are shown in red circles. Two hydrometric stations, i.e., Zhangfang (labeled as A) and Manshuihe (labeled as B) are shown in red stars (see Figs. S9 and S10 for observed and simulated hydrographs and flood inundation). The uncertainty bar in c represents the standard deviation of six ensemble members.

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