Correction to: Communications Earth & Environment https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02247-8, published online 26 April 2025

In the version of this article initially published online, the diagram presented in Fig. 1c was an earlier, incorrect version; references to the figure and earlier labelled elements have been updated in the Study Area, Methods sections and Supplementary information in the HTML and PDF versions of the article.