Fig. 1: The Southern Patagonian Icefield and the location of Glaciar Perito Moreno, its bedrock topography and frontal change.

a Overview of the Southern Patagonian Icefield (white). Background: SRTM hillshade and SRTM water body mask. Solid black lines are the outlines of the glaciers according to the Randolph Glacier Inventory (v7.0). The red square indicates the location of Glaciar Perito Moreno. b The bedrock topography of Glaciar Perito Moreno and Canal de los Témpanos. Contour lines below the lake level (solid red) have a 50 m spacing, above it 200 m contours are used. The orange line indicates the ELA at 1200 m a.s.l. The solid black line indicates the glacier outline of 2024. Grey base map is a hill shaded SRTM digital elevation model. c Sentinel-2 optical image of the terminal position in May 2023. The white to red lines indicate the terminal position in April of each year delineated from Sentinel-2 and Landsat-7 imagery with the exception of 2003 and 2011 where November scenes were used.