Fig. 2: The profile distribution patterns of Fe-OC%, Ca-OC%, and ROC% across various soil sites.

Soil sites are reorganized along the aridity gradient sequence. The gradient keys on the X and Y axes represent the progressive increase in aridity along subfigures (a–p). The numbers in the upper right corner denote specific soil sites. Red and blue rectangles represent Fe-OC% and Ca-OC% of each soil layer, respectively. Rectangles in different shades of green represent ROC% and LOC% for each soil layer. Black dots indicate the vertical dynamics of Caex2+. The areas shaded in dark gray correspond to the range of the Mollic layer. LOC% percentage of labile organic carbon in soil organic carbon, Caex2+ exchangeable calcium ions.