Fig. 6: Drivers of SOC and ROC contents across different soil layers.

a–c represent the driving processes in the 0–30 cm, 30–100 cm, and 100–200 cm soil layers, respectively. Arrows of different colors indicate the varying effects of the driving pathways. Red arrows signify positive effects, while blue arrows denote negative effects. Dashed lines represent non-significant driving effects. The thickness of the arrows corresponds to the absolute magnitude of the driving effect. Numbers above the paths indicate the standardized path regression coefficients. *, **, and *** represent significant rejection of the null hypothesis at the 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001 levels, respectively. The explained variance (R2) for each response variable is displayed alongside the model.