Fig. 1: Timeseries of heightened Twitter activity with respect to major volcanic events.

Each panel comprises 31 days of the anomaly score α for each of the 18 studied strings (see Table 1). Timing of notable volcanic eruptions are highlighted by arrows: a Whakaari (Aotearoa New Zealand); b Taal (Philippines); c Fagradjallsfjall (Iceland); d Nyiragongo (Democratic Republic of the Congo); e Tajogaite (Cumbre Vieja, Spain); f Gunung Semeru (Indonesia); g Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai (Tonga); h Sakurajima (Japan) and Fagradjallsfjall; i Sheveluch (Russia).