Fig. 1: Study overview.

An overview of this study’s data sources, analytical flow and methodology. Created with BioRender.com. The univariate input GWASs of frailty and EAA were reverse coded to align their effects to have positive relationships with healthspan, lifespan and extreme longevity. GWAS, genome-wide association study; EAA, epigenetic age acceleration; CELLECT, CELL-type Expression-specific integration for Complex Traits; IVW, inverse variance weighted; MR LASSO, MR Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.