Extended Data Fig. 5: Mendelian randomization model overview (directed acyclic graph).

B2 is the genetic association of interest, estimated by B2 = B1/ B3. B1 and B3 represent the estimated MR association of the genetic variants on the exposure and the outcomes. MR assumes that the genetic variants comprising the instrument for the exposure only impact the outcome of interest via the exposure and not directly, or via confounders (dotted lines). MR, Mendelian randomization.