Fig. 3: Treatment effects of vitamin D, omega-3 and SHEP individually and in combination on changes in DNAm-based surrogate biomarkers of plasma proteins based on GrimAge. | Nature Aging

Fig. 3: Treatment effects of vitamin D, omega-3 and SHEP individually and in combination on changes in DNAm-based surrogate biomarkers of plasma proteins based on GrimAge.

From: Individual and additive effects of vitamin D, omega-3 and exercise on DNA methylation clocks of biological aging in older adults from the DO-HEALTH trial

Fig. 3

a–g, For the seven DNAm-based surrogate markers of plasma proteins underlying GrimAge, we analyzed versions constructed from DNAm PCs. The seven DNAm-based biomarkers estimate the abundance of GDF-15 (a), PAI-1 (b), TIMP-1 (c), B2M (d), adrenomedullin (ADM; e), leptin (f) and cystatin C (g). All analyses were done in samples of n = 777 participants sampled at baseline and the 3-year follow-up, without technical replicates. In a–g, estimates and 95% CIs from analyses of covariance adjusted for chronological age (continuous + spline at 85 years), sex, falls before the study, BMI, study site and the respective baseline DNAm-based biomarkers are shown. Omega-3 stands out as an individual treatment with a decline in three of the seven DNAm-based surrogate biomarkers of plasma proteins (PAI-1, leptin and TIMP-1). However, the data also show a consistent additive benefit of combining two or all three treatments for several plasma proteins (PAI-1, B2M, TIMP-1 and GDF-15). Detailed findings are shown in Extended Data Table 4.

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