Fig. 2: DNA repair pathways are perturbed in PD blood transcriptomic data.

a, Heatmap showing downregulation at visit 1 of several DNA repair pathways against the five gene collections used in iPD, PD LRRK2 G2019S carriers and prodromal cases. No changes in DNA repair pathways were detected in PD GBA carriers. b, Heatmap showing downregulation of mitochondrial pathways, which is expected given the central role of mitochondrial dysfunction in PD. In the heatmaps, all pathways are downregulated and represented in blue; white boxes indicate unchanged processes; P-adj < 0.05. In GSEA, enrichment significance was assessed using a one-sided, permutation-based test on the NES, as implemented in the fgseaMultilevel function, which uses an adaptive multilevel Monte Carlo algorithm and includes multiple comparison corrections to estimate low P values efficiently.