Fig. 1: Phenotypic characteristics and associations of combined BAG.
a, The blue dots in the first three plots (left to right) show brain-predicted age estimates (combined GM and WM) plotted against chronological age in the UKB discovery sample (n = 32,634), UKB replication sample (n = 21,881, merged across ancestries) and the LIFE-Adult replication sample (n = 1,833). To facilitate comparisons, the results of the UKB discovery sample are also shown as gray dots in the background of the LIFE replication plot. At this stage, brain-predicted age estimates have not yet been bias-corrected for regression dilution, as indicated by the solid linear regression line crossing the dashed identity line. The fourth plot shows the test–retest reliabilities of combined BAG in a subset of the UKB discovery (gray dots, n = 3,751) and UKB replication sample (blue dots, n = 395). BAG was residualized for sex, age, age2, scanner site and total intracranial volume. b, Cross-trait association results between combined BAG and 7,088 UKB phenotypes across several health domains. Analyses were conducted using PHESANT, which applies data-type-specific regression models (linear, logistic, ordered logistic or multinomial logistic regression). All models included sex, age, age2, scanner site and total intracranial volume as covariates. The horizontal lines indicate the Bonferroni-adjusted (solid) and FDR-adjusted (dashed) two-sided level of significance. The top associations per category are annotated. c, Surface plots showing the correlations between combined BAG and 220 FreeSurfer brain structure variables. The colors reflect the strength and direction of partial product-moment correlations (sex, age, age2, scanner site and total intracranial volume served as covariates). ICC, intraclass correlation coefficient (C, 1); rho, product-moment correlation coefficient.
