Fig. 5: All-angle full-wave characterization of millimetre-wide metalenses.
From: Fast multi-source nanophotonic simulations using augmented partial factorization

a,b, The intensity profile ∣Ez(x, y)∣2 of light after transmission through a hyperbolic metalens (a) or a quadratic metalens (b), for a plane wave incident from an angle θin of 0° or 30°. The intensity profiles for the two θin values are plotted with two different colour maps and overlaid with transparency, and the colour maps are saturated to show the low-intensity parts. The top of the metalens ridges is at x = 0, and the dashed black lines indicate the focal plane. \({\theta }_{{{{\rm{in}}}}}={\sin }^{-1}({n}_{{{{\rm{substrate}}}}}\sin {\theta }_{{{{\rm{in}}}}}^{{{{\rm{substrate}}}}})\) is the incident angle in air. The complete dependence on θin is shown in Supplementary Videos 1 and 2. c,d, The full angle dependence of the Strehl ratio (c) and transmission efficiency (d). e,f, The errors on the focal-plane intensity from APF-c and from the LPA excluding (LPA I) and including (LPA II) the evanescent fields of the unit cells.