Fig. 1: Sampling and measurement design.

Sampling design: A Plot layout of the BEF China experimental platform (site A), B Plot tree planting grid pattern, C Soil core sampling design in tree species pairs, and treatment of samples. Measurements: (i) quantification of active microbial biomass by substrate-induced respiration method (i.e., SIR, Scheu et al. [55]), (ii) quantification of total microbial biomass and bacterial to fungal biomass ratio (B:F ratio) by measurement of soil microbial phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs), (iii) qualification of microbial profile by qPCR sequencing of soil 16S and ITS sequences, (iv) quantification of functional genes related to carbon catabolism by quantitative microbial element cycling (QMEC, Zheng et al. [64]), (v) quantification of carbon dioxide released during 6 h after induction by a range of substrates using MicroResp.® method (Campbell et al. [65]), (vi) quantification of soil microbial respiration by the O2-microcompensation method.