Fig. 3: Agricultural management-dependent effects of soil compaction on crop yields.

Yearly differences in crop yields under “tracks” and “areal” compaction treatment in the crop rotations under the conventional and no-tillage systems from 2014 to 2017 expressed as percentage in comparison to the yield in the uncompacted tillage system as a reference. The data represents the mean (±s.e.) from each condition with n = 3. Different letters indicate significant differences within each year (capital letters for 2014 and small letters for 2015) as obtained by Tukey’s HSD.