Fig. 1: Overall study design.

Each sibling pair consisted of one ASD child and their respective TD sibling. Dietary, lifestyle, and other host variables collected can be viewed in Supplementary File 4. The DADA2 pipeline was used to process the 16S V4 amplicon sequences. Samples from sibling pairs with ASD phenotypes unverified by parent reports or home videos were removed, leaving 432 samples. ASVs that significantly varied between timepoints in a Friedman test or were not present in 3% or more of the samples were removed. 117 ASVs were found to be significantly enriched in either the TD or ASD cohort. 11 of those ASVs were identified by more than one of the contrast methods shown above.