Table 1 Comparing the AUROCs between an existing mortality score or a biological age as reported in the original paper and the IMPACT-20 model tested for the corresponding follow-up time and age ranges in the NHANES dataset.

	Task	Age	AUROC	AUROC of IMPACT-20	AUROC of IMPACT-20 (temporal validation)
Mortality risk scores
Intermountain⁶	1-year mortality	18 +	0.84	0.92	0.88
Gagne Index⁷	1-year mortality	65 +	0.79	0.85	0.85
Intermountain⁶	5-year mortality	18 +	0.87	0.89	0.88
Prognostic score⁵	5-year mortality	40–70	Male: 0.80	Male: 0.85	Male: 0.80
Prognostic score⁵	5-year mortality	40–70	Female: 0.79	Female: 0.83	Female: 0.80
Schonberg Index⁸	5-year mortality	65 +	0.75	0.80	0.83
Biological ages
Horvath DNAm Age^17,19	10-year mortality	21–84	0.56	0.90	0.89
Hannum DNAm Age^18,19	10-year mortality	21–84	0.57	0.90	0.89
DNAm PhenoAge¹⁹	10-year mortality	21–84	0.62	0.90	0.89
Phenotypic Age^19,67	10-year mortality	20–85	0.88	0.90	0.89

The “AUROC” column shows the AUROCs reported in the original paper. The “AUROC of IMPACT-20” column shows the performance of IMPACT models trained with the selected top 20 features (Supplementary Tables 2 and 3). The “AUROC of IMPACT-20 (temporal validation)” column shows the performance of the IMPACT-20 models evaluated on the temporal validation set (Supplementary Methods).

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