Table 5 Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the risk indicators associated with Ancylostomatidae hookworms, ticks, and fleas in dogs and cats.

From: Human social conditions predict the risk of exposure to zoonotic parasites in companion animals in East and Southeast Asia

Variable

Ancylostomatidae

Ticks

Fleas

Species (dog)

1.65 [1.17; 2.33]

11.6 [7.83; 17.3]

0.53 [0.39; 0.73]

Sex (male)

–

–

–

Age class (<5 years)

2.35 [1.38; 4.02]

–

0.78 [0.53; 1.14]

Age class (>15 years)

5.86 [1.11; 30.9]

–

3.68 [1.07; 12.7]

Neuter (yes)

–

0.69 [0.46; 1.05]d

0.64 [0.45; 0.92]

Environment (urban area)

–

0.32 [0.21; 0.47]

0.31 [0.22; 0.44]

Household (garden)

–

–

–

Average temperature (°C)

–

1.25 [1.09; 1.42]

– a

Average precipitation (mm)

–

– b

1.0007 [1.0002; 1.0012]

Human life expectancy (Year)

0.89 [0.78; 0.98]c

0.82 [0.68; 0.98]

0.78 [0.64; 0.96]

Pet-Human ratio

–

–

–

Population density (per km2)

–

–

–

Variance (City)

1.883

1.092

1.365

Area under ROC curve

0.7985

0.9027

0.8765

  1. References for qualitative variables are respectively for species (cat), sex (female), age class (5–15 years), neuter (no), environment (rural area), household (apartment). For quantitative variables, the OR corresponds to an increase of 1 unit.
  2. aBioclimatic variables show a strong association; therefore when the average precipitation effect is taken into account, the average temperature effect is not significant.
  3. bBioclimatic variables show a strong association; therefore when the average temperature effect is taken into account, the average precipitation effect is not significant.
  4. cThe finding is significant at the 10% level (p-value = 0.067).
  5. dThe finding is significant at the 10% level (p-value = 0.084).
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