Fig. 6: Adverse perinatal outcomes associated with HIV and ARVs, and averted and contributed by ARVs, in sub-Saharan Africa in 2020 and during 1990–2020.

a Numbers of adverse perinatal outcomes attributable to HIV and ARVs in 2020 (Supplementary Data 1). b Cumulative number of adverse perinatal outcomes attributable to HIV and ARVs over 1990–2020 (Supplementary Data 1). c Numbers of adverse perinatal outcomes averted and contributed by ARVs in 2020 (Supplementary Data 1). d Cumulative number of adverse perinatal outcomes averted and contributed by ARVs over 1990–2020 (Supplementary Data 1). Note that not all treatment groups of WLHIV had data for all perinatal outcomes and that not all comparisons to HIV-negative women and WLHIV receiving no ARVs were statistically significant. Hence, not all categories in the legends (no ARVs, monotherapy, and antenatal and preconception cART) are represented in the graph for each perinatal outcome. Notably, data for very low birthweight and neonatal death was either not available or not statistically significant (Fig. 2a–d). ARVs Antiretroviral drugs, cART Combination antiretroviral therapy, HIV Human immunodeficiency virus, LBW Low birth weight, NND Neonatal death, PTB Preterm birth, SGA Small for gestational age, VPTB Very PTB, VLBW Very LBW, VSGA Very SGA.