Table 1 Summary of key themes

Themes extracted from review of papers prior to T1D diagnosis

 Risk for T1D progression increases with autoantibody number

 Younger age at seroconversion results in faster progression

 Islet autoantibody type (IAA, GADA, IA-2A, ZnT8, ICA) influences progression

 The addition of islet autoantibodies improves performance of genetic risk prediction

 Positive predictive value of autoantibody titer and affinity varies by autoantibody type

 Specific autoantibody assay methods impact risk stratification

Themes extracted from review of papers at the time of T1D diagnosis

 Type of autoantibody positive at diagnosis differs by age (children more often IAA positive, adults more often GAD positive)

 Earlier seroconversion/diagnosis correlates to accelerated beta cell loss

 Positivity for certain autoantibodies at diagnosis may be linked to specific genotypes or SNPs (GADA associated with HLA DR3; IAA associated with INS SNPs).

 Higher numbers of positive autoantibodies more common in younger children

Themes extracted from review of papers following T1D diagnosis

 Lower autoantibody titers and numbers are associated with greater residual C-peptide

 In children, autoantibody type (IAA vs. GAD or IA-2) correlates with accelerated beta cell loss

Themes extracted from review of papers about response to treatment with disease-modifying therapies

 Responses to treatments did not show consistent differences based on autoantibody type

 Agents targeting a specific antigen in individuals who were positive for the corresponding specific antibody did not show reproducible efficacy across the primary populations tested