Table 2 Association between COVID-19 period and birthweight, n = 204,615 (fixed-effects models)

From: Effects of COVID-19 pandemic on low birth weight in a nationwide study in India

 

BW

LBW

(β)

AOR (95% CI)

(1)

(2)

Pandemic cohort

−11.0**

1.08

(5.52)

(1.03–1.14)

Gender (female=0)

−62.62***

1.18

(2.39)

(1.15–1.20)

Birth order

9.88***

0.97

(1.31)

(0.95–0.98)

Scheduled caste/tribe

−8.95***

1.003

(2.90)

(0.97–1.03)

Hindu religion

−33.99***

1.08

(3.74)

(1.03–1.13)

Mother’s age

2.88***

0.99

(0.31)

(0.98–0.99)

Rural residence

11.77***

0.94

(3.64)

(0.91–0.98)

Maternal education

   No education

Ref.

Ref.

   Primary

−0.22

1.02

(4.59)

(0.97–1.06)

   Secondary

31.57***

0.91

(3.80)

(0.88-0.95)

   Higher

87.22***

0.76

(5.18)

(0.72–0.80)

Wealth quintiles

   Poorest

Ref.

Ref.

   Poor

34.03***

0.89

(3.73)

(0.86–0.92)

   Middle

70.12***

0.77

(4.21)

(0.74–0.81)

   Rich

94.58***

0.72

(4.76)

(0.69–0.76)

   Richest

126.22

0.65

(5.77)

(0.61–0.69)

District fixed effects

Yes

Yes

  1. Notes: CI confidence intervals, AOR adjusted odds ratios, BW birthweight, LBW low birth weight, LBW (birthweight <2500 g). Robust standard errors are reported in parentheses in columns, while 95% CIs are reported in parentheses in column 2. Pandemic cohorts are children born between April 2020 and April 2021. Maternal education is categorized as no education, primary education, secondary education, and higher than secondary education. Household wealth quintiles are categorized as poorest, poor, middle, richer, and richest groups.
  2. ***, ** denotes statistical significance at 1% and 5% level of significance, respectively.
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