Table 2 Patients used for biomarker analysis

From: Spatial omics-based machine learning algorithms for the early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma

Disease groupa

HCCb

Cirrhosisb

p value

Number

100

101

NA

Gender(M:F)%c

71:29

65:36

0.3920

Age (years with range)d

65(42–93)

56 (18–79)

<0.0001

Ethnicity (% Non-Hispanic White/African-American/Hispanic/Asian/Other)e

39/2/42/15/2

51/4/37/5/4

0.0830

BCLC Stage (0, A, B, C)f

2/39/46/13

-

NA

Etiology% (HCV/HBV/Alcohol/NAFLD/other)g

48/5/12/8/27

26/2/29/10/34

0.0031

AST (IU/mL)h Mean (range)

82.1 (11–325)

55.4 (12–207)

0.0002

ALT(IU/mL)i Mean (range)

59.4 (5–633)

40.7 (52–80)

0.0010

ALK (IU/ML)j Mean (range)

155.7 (40–347)

132.3(43–1120)

<0.0001

Albumin (g/dL)k Mean (range)

3.4 (1.7–4.9)

3.8 (2.4–4.8)

<0.0001

AFP (ng)l Mean (range)

454.7 (3–9972)

8.9 (3–192)

<0.0001

AFP AUROCm

0.78 (0.71–0.84)

<0.0001

AFP-L3 (%)n Mean (range)

20.9 (0.5–90)

5.4 (0.5–12.6)

<0.0001

AFP-L3 AUROCo

0.74 (0.66–0.82)

<0.0001

  1. a) Serum from patients with HCC or cirrhosis used for algorithm discovery. b) Serum from patients with HCC or cirrhosis used for algorithm validation. c) Gender with the % in each group. d) Mean age with patient range. e) Ethnicity with % in each group. f) The Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) Staging System. % in each group given. g) % of disease etiology. HBV, hepatitis b virus, HCV, hepatitis C virus, alcohol, chronic alcohol use, NAFLD, non alcoholic fatty liver disease, unknown, liver disease from unknow etiology. h) AST, aspartate aminotransferase, i) ALT, alanine aminotransferase; j) ALK, Alkaline phosphatase, k) Albumin level. l) AFP, alpha-fetoprotein. m) ROC of AFP in this patient was set with a 95% confidence interval. n) AFP-L3, the core fucosylated version of AFP given as a % of total AFP. o) ROC of AFP-L3 in this patient set with a 95% confidence interval. For all statistical analysis, a t test, t test with Welch’s correction, Mann-Whitely test, or Chi-Square test was applied based on data type and data distribution.