Fig. 3: Comparison of ontology performance.

This bar chart presents a comparison of three methods—ICD-clin, ICD-clin-DiSMOL, and DiSMOL—across three key performance metrics: Sensitivity, Precision, and F1-Score. DiSMOL demonstrates the highest performance in Sensitivity (98%) and F1-Score (86%), while ICD-clin leads slightly in Precision (78%). ICD-clin-DiSMOL shows moderate scores across all metrics, achieving 51% in Sensitivity, 72% in Precision, and 60% in F1-Score. The source data for Fig. 3 is in Supplementary Data 5. DiSMOL Disease-Specific Medical Ontology Learning, ICD International Classification of Diseases.