Table 2 Random effects meta-analyses for associations of candidate predictors with suffering in adulthood

Relationship with mother when growing up

0.000005

 Ref: Very bad/somewhat bad

–

–

–

–

 Very good/somewhat good

0.99 (0.96, 1.03)

0.00

0.05

32.4

Relationship with father when growing up

0.000005

 Ref: Very bad/somewhat bad

–

–

–

–

 Very good/somewhat good

0.96 (0.94, 0.98)

0.00

0.00

19.2

Family structure around age 12

0.000003

 Ref: Parents were married

–

–

–

–

 Parents were divorced

1.06 (1.02, 1.11)

0.00

0.23

56.4

 Parents were never married

1.02 (0.94, 1.10)

0.18

0.32

87.0

 One or both parents had died

1.03 (0.98, 1.08)

0.00

0.18

36.4

Subjective financial status of the family around age 12

0.000003

 Ref: Got by

–

–

–

–

 Lived comfortably

0.94 (0.92, 0.97)

0.05

0.00

36.3

 Found it difficult

1.05 (1.02, 1.09)

0.00

0.23

56.3

 Found it very difficult

1.06 (1.01, 1.10)

0.00

0.32

50.1

Experienced abuse when growing up^a

0.000001

 Ref: No

–

–

–

–

 Yes

1.27 (1.21, 1.33)

0.00

0.95

86.6

Felt like an outsider in the family when growing up

0.000002

 Ref: No

–

–

–

–

 Yes

1.20 (1.14, 1.26)

0.00

0.77

83.9

Self-rated health when growing up

0.000001

 Ref: Good

–

–

–

–

 Excellent

0.85 (0.79, 0.91)

0.59

0.00

92.3

 Very good

0.90 (0.87, 0.93)

0.45

0.00

72.8

 Fair

1.09 (1.05, 1.13)

0.00

0.41

57.1

 Poor

1.14 (1.07, 1.22)

0.00

0.50

73.4

Immigration status

0.000007

 Ref: Born in this country

–

–

–

–

 Born in another country

0.96 (0.89, 1.03)

0.32

0.18

65.2

Frequency of religious service attendance around age 12

0.000006

 Ref: Never

–

–

–

–

 ≥1/week

1.03 (0.97, 1.09)

0.05

0.23

78.9

 1–3/month

1.05 (1.00, 1.10)

0.00

0.27

61.5

 <1/month

1.01 (0.97, 1.05)

0.00

0.09

57.6

Year of birth

0.000002

 Ref: 1998–2005 (current age: 18–24 years)

–

–

–

–

 1993–1998 (current age: 25–29 years)

0.99 (0.95, 1.04)

0.18

0.09

65.4

 1983–1993 (current age: 30–39 years)

0.99 (0.93, 1.06)

0.18

0.27

87.1

 1973–1983 (current age: 40–49 years)

1.01 (0.92, 1.10)

0.27

0.27

92.6

 1963–1973 (current age: 50–59 years)

1.05 (0.94, 1.16)

0.27

0.32

94.1

 1953–1963 (current age: 60–69 years)

1.04 (0.90, 1.20)

0.27

0.27

95.5

 1943–1953 (current age: 70–79 years)

1.07 (0.89, 1.28)

0.36

0.27

95.3

 1943 or earlier (current age: 80+ years)

0.66 (0.20, 2.21)

0.23

0.45

99.8

Gender

0.000002

 Ref: Male

–

–

–

–

 Female

1.08 (1.04, 1.12)

0.00

0.36

83.2

 Other

0.39 (0.08, 1.98)

0.33

0.50

99.7